Zinc oxide power blends, their production and use

ABSTRACT

This disclosure provides sunscreen products that contain metal oxide powders having discrete size distributions. Metal oxide powders include, for example, zinc oxide and titanium dioxide. Sunscreen products made in accordance with the principles of this disclosure contain metal oxide powders having primary particle sizes of about 10-30 ran and about 50-200 nm.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application60/729,266, filed Oct. 21, 2005, hereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention generally relates to sunscreen products that attenuateUVA and UVB radiation. Specifically, sunscreen products of the inventioncontain blends of discrete particle sizes of ZnO and/or TiO₂ to effectthe desired attenuation.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Awareness of the risks and prevalence of UV-induced skin cancer andconsciousness of the damaging cosmetic effects of ultraviolet radiationhave fostered recognition in recent years of the desirability ofavoiding or controlling the physiological damage wrought by harmfulultraviolet radiation, especially solar ultraviolet. UVC radiation isgenerally not problematic as little if any penetrates the atmosphere,but may be hazardous if artificial sources such as germicidal lamps orhigh or low pressure mercury arc lamps are employed.

In contrast to the UVC waveband which is filtered out, both UVA and UVBradiation reach the earth's surface from the sun and may be harmful.Longer wavelength ultraviolet rays in the UVA region, adjacent thevisible spectrum, which reportedly constitute 99% of the UV energyreaching the earth's surface, are considered to be the primary cause oftanning but to cause little burning. However, in the longer term UVArays are also believed responsible for skin aging, causing blotching,freckling, wrinkling and comparable problems. Ultraviolet radiation inthe shorter wavelength UVB region of from 290 to 320 nm, thoughcomprising only about 1% of the UV energy is considered more significantin causing burning. Accordingly, protection against UVB radiation hastraditionally been a primary target of sunscreen formulation. Morerecently, there has been a recognition of the desirability of alsoprotecting against UVA radiation to reduce long term skin deterioration.

More seriously, both the UVA and UVB wavebands may be implicated in skincancers including dangerous melanomas. Skin cancer is by far the mostprevalent of all cancers and the incidence in the US is increasingrapidly. For these and other reasons, consistent use of a topicalsunscreen is now strongly recommended and is widespread. In light ofthis need, the art contains many proposals for sunscreen agents andcompositions intended to provide protection from damaging ultravioletradiation.

A wide variety of UV-protective agents suitable for topical applicationin creams, sprays, lotions and the like is known and has been used insunscreens. However, most such agents are organic chemicals that areprone to photodegradation and may cross-react with other components ofdesirable topical formulations. Furthermore, being absorbable into theskin, organic sunscreens may irritate the skin or cause otherdermatological or allergenic problems. The art also contains proposalsfor broad spectrum UV protection.

For example, Deckner U.S. Pat. No. 5,783,174 describes sunscreencompositions intended to provide broad protection in both the UVA andUVB regions which compositions combine a UVA-absorbing dibenzoylmethanesunscreen with a UVB-absorbing benzylidene camphor sunscreen. Thiscomposition is intended to avoid problems of photochemical instabilityattributable, according to Deckner, to photoinduced interaction betweendibenzoylmethane and the widely used UVB absorber octylmethoxycinnamate.

A more recent demand for both higher SPF (“sun protection factor”)values and for broad-spectrum protection, has led manufacturers tocombine several different organic chemical ingredients, aggravatingpotential problems of photo-induced cross reactivity. To overcome thisproblem, Lapidot, et al. describe in U.S. Pat. No. 6,436,375 a methodfor microencapsulating at least one of two or more active sunscreeningredients which are photo-unstable when formulated together. Theactive ingredients can be selected for UVA and UVB activity and can beencapsulated in separate sol-gel microcapsules. A drawback of Lapidot etal.'s proposal is that even if problems of cross-reactivity andphotodegradation can be overcome, which may or may not be the case,Lapidot et al.'s method still requires use of active organic sunscreenagents which may be harmful or irritating when absorbed. Furthermore,use of sol-gel microcapsules adds complexity and expense and may beundesirable in some topical formulations. Such microcapsules may alsoraise issues of dispersibility and compatibility with other ingredientsof end product formulations.

There is accordingly a need for a UV-protective agent having broadspectrum activity against harmful solar radiation and which does notdepend upon organic chemicals. In light of the problems with organicmaterials, the suitability of inorganic materials may be considered.Several commercially useful inorganic UV-protective agents are known,notably titanium dioxide, zinc oxide and iron oxide. Iron oxides,however are usually colored or black and therefore have rather limiteduse in sunscreen applications. Also, they may not be approved for use assunscreens by regulatory authorities such as the US FDA.

Thus, considerable difficulties face a formulator or other workerseeking broad spectrum UV-protective agents that will be satisfactoryfor widespread commercial use in a full range of topical commercialproducts.

Elsom et al. (WO 90/11067) provide single-species metal oxide sunscreencompositions. Specifically provided are sunscreen compositionscontaining blends of titanium dioxide powders having a particle size of1-100 nm.

Likewise, Cowie et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,927,464 also providessingle-species titanium dioxide compositions for absorbing UV radiation.Cowie et al. use acicular titanium dioxide wherein the length of thelongest dimension is 10-150 nm and the particles are coated with amixture of alumina and silica.

Iwaya U.S. Pat. No. 5,032,090 suggests use of a combination of titaniumdioxide and zinc oxide in anti-suntan cosmetic compositions to blockultraviolet rays in both the UVB and UVA regions. One drawback of thisapproach is that titanium dioxide may undesirably whiten or blue theskin in some formulations. Also the use of multiple metal oxides havingsignificant reactivity in many sunscreen systems may complicate theissues a formulator of compositions for human topical application mustaddress. Furthermore, although titanium dioxide is approved byregulatory agencies for many UV-protective applications, it is notapproved for use in combination with avobenzone, a popular organicsunscreen agent. In addition, titanium is not naturally present in humanand other organisms, and may therefore be an undesired ingredient forsome prospective users.

Iwaya U.S. Pat. No. 5,032,090 suggests use of a combination of titaniumdioxide and zinc oxide with a primary particle size great than 70 nm to300 nm in anti-suntan cosmetic compositions to block ultraviolet rays inboth the UVB and UVA regions. The primary particle size of the zincoxide claimed is too large to be effective in UVB.

Other formulations of the prior art use single-species zinc oxidecompositions for UV absorption. For example, Kobayashi Kose Co. JP60-231607 provides anti-suntan cosmetics containing 10-30% zinc oxidehaving a particle diameter of <100 nm.

Mitchell et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,587,148 discloses sunscreen productsintended to absorb both UVA and UVB radiation while providing a clearappearance on the skin. One embodiment of Mitchell et al.'s disclosureemploys micronized particles of zinc oxide having a size up to about 0.2μm and having what are purportedly reduced levels of toxic heavy metals,which are formulated with a liquid carrier into a colorless emulsion.According to Mitchell et al., this formulation “is capable of absorbinga substantial quantity, if not all, of the UV radiation to which theuser is exposed.” (Column 7, lines 15-17.) However, the Mitchell et al.specification provides little, if any, support for this conclusion.Other distinct embodiments proposed by Mitchell et al. include: use oflarge crystals of zinc oxide, measuring between about 1-100 microns indiameter; and use of transparent plastic spheres measuring between about0.01-100 microns in diameter which incorporate a UV-absorbing additive.

Cole et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,340,567 provides sunscreen products intendedfor UV absorbance. Cole et al. provide mixed metal oxide compositionscontaining titanium dioxide having a particle size of less than about 35nm and zinc oxide having a particle size of less than about 50 nm. Themetal oxide particles used by Cole et al. are each of a singlesubstantially uniform size.

A disclosure by inventors herein Yun Shao and David Schlossman, “Effectof Particle Size on Performance of Physical Sunscreen formulas” PCIAconference, Shanghai, China R. P. (1999) (“Shao et al. 1999”hereinafter) and available, at the date of this application, describessome of the effects of size, surface treatment, dispersion vehicle,dispersant and other factors on the UV-protective performance ofinorganic sunscreens, notably titanium dioxide and zinc oxide. Shao etal. 1999 emphasize the importance of studying size reduction and therelationship between particle size and performance.

Shao et al. 1999 describe use of dispersions, or “pre-dispersions” oftitanium dioxide and zinc oxide, intended for formulation with otheringredients to provide useful end product. Shao et al. 1999 concluded atthat time that a high loading of solids in the dispersion were importantto size reduction and that other factors should also be considered,including pigment selection, surface treatment, vehicle and dispersant.Titanium dioxide is described as providing excellent protection againstUVB along with effective UVA protection at a larger size wherescattering may contribute significantly. However, such larger sizes maysacrifice some degree of SPF and transparency.

The protection afforded by zinc oxide is considered by Shao et al. 1999to vary inversely with particle size. Also, zinc oxide is described asproviding efficient UVA protection, often with a low SPF. One difficultythese findings present to the worker seeking to provide a broad-spectruminorganic UV-protective agent suitable for topical application, is thatdesired sizes of titanium dioxide particles may cause whitening on theskin, as may be understood from FIG. 5 of Shao 1999. (Nor does Shao etal. 1999 describe an adequate zinc oxide formulation.

Another disclosure of inventors, Yun Shao and David Schlossman herein,namely Discovering an Optimum Micropigment for High UV Shielding and LowSkin Whitening, 23rd IFSCC Congress Orlando 2004 (“Shao et al. 2004”hereinafter) describes studies on the UV attenuation of dispersions oftitanium dioxide having a primary particle size (“PPS”) as small as 15nm and of zinc oxide as small as 20 nm which studies include studies oftheir in vivo SPF efficacy. Shao et al. 2004 conclude that sizereduction of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide can remarkably improve theappearance of a sunscreen lotion and can improve the SPF in many cases.However, according to Shao et al. 2004, if the size of the titaniumdioxide particles is too small, the energy absorption may shift to UVCwavelengths, weakening the attenuation in the UVA and UVB wavebands.Shao et al. 2004 conclude that zinc oxide could provide an effective SPFat (secondary) particle sizes under 130 nm, but “at the cost of UVAprotection”.

As may be understood from Shao et al. 2004, secondary particle size mayoften be more important for ultraviolet protection than is the primaryparticle size, but the primary formulator who must provide appealing,functional products which can be provided to consumers in a satisfactoryand aesthetic condition.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An object of the invention is to provide an inorganic UV-protectivecomposition which can provide broad-spectrum UV protection. A furtherobject is that the UV protective composition be capable of beingformulated into end products which have good transparency to visiblelight on the skin.

Generally, in accordance with the present invention, sunscreeningredients for cosmetics, suntanning lotion, or the like in both powderand in liquid dispersion form are made from two different sunscreenmaterials. Each of these two different sunscreen materials is selectedfor its characteristic of addressing either the UVA or the UVB componentof sunlight. In connection with this, it is noted that both of thesecomponents will attenuate UVA and UVB, but are, in the context of themulti-mode formulations of the present invention, more effective inaddressing either the UVA or the UVB component.

For example, in the case of zinc oxide dispersions, UVB may beattenuated by particles having a secondary particle size between 100 and150 nm (and preferably between about 110 and about 130 nm), while UVAmay be attenuated using secondary particle sizes ranging between about160 and about 300 nm (preferably about 210 to about 240 nm).

For example, in the case of zinc oxide particles, UVB may be attenuatedby particles having a primary particle size between about 10 and about50 nm (and preferably between about 10 and about 20 nm), while UVA maybe attenuated using primary particle sizes ranging between 35 about andabout 120 nm (preferably about 35 to about 60 nm).

For example, in the case of titanium dioxide dispersions, UVB may beattenuated by particles having a secondary particle size between about100 and about 160 nm (and preferably between about 120 and about 140nm), while UVA may be attenuated using secondary particle sizes rangingbetween about 140 and about 300 nm (about 150 to about 180 nm).

For example, in the case of titanium dioxide particles, UVB may beattenuated by particles having a primary particle size between about 10and about 150 nm (and preferably between about 20 and about 50 nm),while UVA may be attenuated using primary particle sizes ranging betweenabout 20 and about 150 nm (preferably about 35 to about 60 nm).

Combinations of UVA targeted powders with UVB targeted powders, inaccordance with the present invention may be used in conventionalmanners as prior art sunscreen powder materials.

In accordance with the present invention, particularly advantageousperformance in a sunscreen product, such as a makeup foundation or facepowder, can be achieved using the inventive combinations of UVA targetedzinc oxide powders with UVB targeted zinc oxide powders in a combinationpowder. Such powders, in accordance with the present invention, areemployed where sunscreen powders are typically employed in the industry.

Dispersions containing combinations of UVA and UVB targeted materials inaccordance with the present invention may be used in the same ways asprior art sunscreen dispersions.

The dispersions and powders of the present invention provideparticularly advantageous performance, in terms of UV balance andtransparency, because they function Without imparting a bluish tint onthe skin.

In accordance with the present invention, particularly advantageousfunctioning of a sunscreen product, such as sunscreen lotion, can beachieved using the inventive combinations of UVA targeted zinc oxidedispersions with UVB targeted zinc oxide dispersions in a combinationdispersions. Such dispersions, in accordance with the present invention,are employed where sunscreen dispersions, such as dispersions on zincoxide or titanium dioxide, are typically employed in the industry.

A desirable additional object of the invention is to provide aninorganic UV-protective composition capable of being formulated intodispersions which are non-whitening or induce little whitening at highsolids loadings. A still further useful object is to provide dispersionscontaining the inorganic UV-protective composition that avoid or inducelittle bluing on pigmented skin.

In addition, titanium is not naturally present in human and otherorganisms, and may therefore be an undesired ingredient for someprospective users.

Other formulations of the prior art use single-species zinc oxidecompositions for UV absorption. For example, Kobayashi Kose Co. JP60-231607 provides anti-suntan cosmetics which may be formulated tocontain 10-30% zinc oxide having a particle diameter of 10 to 60 nm anda light scattering particle. Any 30 nm titanium dioxide may be used toscatter light. Formulations made with these compositions, and using theabove guidance, many provide a UV balance of 3:1, but the transparencymay not be acceptable in some formulations.

Cole et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,340,567 provides sunscreen products intendedfor UV absorbance. Cole et al. provide mixed metal oxide compositionscontaining titanium dioxide having a particle size of less than about 35nm and zinc oxide having a particle size of less than about 50 nm. Themetal oxide particles used by Cole et al. are each of a singlesubstantially uniform size. Like Kose, formulations made with thesecompositions can provide UV balance of 3:1, but the transparency may notbe acceptable for some formulations.

These and other objects can be achieved by one or more embodiments ofthe invention described herein.

In one aspect, the invention provides a zinc oxide powder compositionfor UV-protective use comprising a blend of:

a) an effective proportion of a first zinc oxide powder component havinga first particle size selected for the first zinc oxide powder componentto attenuate UVA; and

b) an effective proportion of a second zinc oxide powder componenthaving a second particle size selected for the second zinc oxide powdercomponent to attenuate UVB;

wherein the mean particle size of the first zinc oxide component isgreater than the mean particle size of the second zinc oxide component.

Pursuant to the invention, the relative proportions of the first andsecond zinc oxide components can be adjusted, or selected, to provide adesired balance of UVA versus UVB protection. For example, theproportion by weight of the first component to the second component maybe selected to be in the range of from about 1:2 to about 2:1. Someuseful embodiments of the invention employ a proportion by weight of thefirst component to the second component in the range of from about 1:1.4to about 1:1.

In another aspect, the invention provides a UV-protective compositioncomprising an effective amount of a first zinc oxide particulatecomponent having a mean primary particle size in the range of from about50 to about 200 nm and an effective amount of a second zinc oxideparticulate component having a mean primary particle size in the rangeof from about 10 to about 30 nm. As indicated above, “primary particlesize” references the size of the dry, untreated powder.

In a further aspect, the invention provides an UV-protective compositioncomprising a dispersion in a liquid vehicle of an effective amount of afirst zinc oxide particulate component having a mean secondary particlesize greater than about 180 nm and an effective amount of a second zincoxide particulate component having a mean secondary particle size lessthan about 150 nm. As indicated above, the secondary particle sizereferences the size of the particles in the dispersion. Particle sizesreferenced herein are as determined by light scattering analysis, asdescribed hereinafter unless otherwise indicated explicitly or by thecontext.

Suitable dispersions may employ hydrocarbon or other fluids or oils orsilicone fluids as liquid vehicles, although aqueous vehicles may alsobe used. The dispersions are preferably solids-rich. Usefully, thesolids-rich zinc oxide dispersions may employ effective, usually small,proportions of chemical dispersing agents, or dispersants, as is knownto those skilled in the art. Also the zinc oxide particles may be coatedto enhance their dispersibility, as is also known in the art.

Alternatively, the formulator may incorporate the zinc oxide powderblend, in powder form, with other suitable ingredients to prepare afinal product. As a further alternative the zinc oxide powdercomponents, rather than being pre-blended may be separately added.

The two zinc oxide components can be supplied for incorporation into theUV-protective product as a particulate or powder blend or may beseparately added to one or more other ingredients to provide theUV-protective composition. Some process embodiments of the inventioninclude steps of blending the two or more dry zinc oxide powderingredients together and adding the blend to other ingredients. Pursuantto the invention it is believed that, in end product formulations, thefirst and larger zinc oxide component can provide useful UVA protectionand the second and smaller zinc oxide component can provide useful UVBprotection.

The first zinc oxide powder component can have a mean primary particlesize in the range of from about 50 to about 200 nm to provide UVAprotection. In one embodiment of the invention the primary particle sizeof the first zinc oxide component is in the range of from about 60 toabout 100 nm.

The second zinc oxide powder component can have a mean primary particlesize in the range of from about 10 to about 30 nm to provide UVBprotection. In another embodiment of the invention the primary particlesize of the second zinc oxide component is about 20 nm.

The invention includes embodiments employing combinations of the meanparticle sizes of the first and second components. For example onetranche of zinc oxide particles having a mean size in the range of about50 to about 200 nm may be combined with another tranche of zinc oxideparticles having a mean size in the range of about 10 to about 30 nm. Inanother example, particles of about 60 to about 100 nm of the firstcomponent may be combined with particles of size of about 20 nm of thesecond component.

In another aspect, this invention provides a sunscreen productcomprising a dispersion of a first zinc oxide powder having a firstprimary particle size and capable of attenuating ultraviolet radiation,and a second zinc oxide powder having a second primary particle size andcapable of attenuating ultraviolet radiation, wherein the first andsecond primary particle sizes provides a bimodal particle sizedistribution and wherein the sunscreen product is substantiallytransparent to visible light.

In another aspect, this invention provides a sunscreen productcomprising a dispersion of a first metal oxide powder having a firstprimary particle size of less than 30 nm and a second metal oxide powderhaving a second primary particle size of 50-260 nm, and wherein saidsunscreen product is substantially transparent to visible light.

In one embodiment, both the first and the second metal oxide powders arezinc oxide. Alternatively, the metal oxides are zinc oxide and titaniumdioxide.

In useful embodiments of any of the foregoing aspects, the first primaryparticle size is less than 30 nm (e.g., between about 10 nm and about 30nm) and the second primary particle size is between about 50 nm andabout 250 nm. In another embodiment, the second primary particle size isgreater than 60 nm. Other useful sunscreen products have an averagesecondary particle size of greater than about 200 nm.

In other embodiments, the ratio by weight of the first metal oxidepowder to the second metal oxide powder is about 1:3 to about 3:1, orabout 1:1.6 to about 1:1.

In some embodiments the sunscreen products provide an SPF of at least 30and/or a PA of at least 10. Desirably, the SPF:PA ratio is at leastabout 3:1.

In other formulations, the sunscreen products further comprise a thirdmetal oxide powder (e.g., ZnO or TiO₂) having a third primary particlesize (e.g., between about 10 nm and about 30 nm).

Desirably, the total amount of metal oxide powders in the sunscreenproducts is less than about 50% or even less than about 25%.

The metal oxide powders may, individually, be uncoated, coated withanother metal oxide coating (e.g., alumina and/or silica), a hydrophobicsurface treatment (e.g., a polysiloxane), or a hydrophilic surfacetreatment.

Optionally, the sunscreen products may further comprise a dispersingagent, a color pigment, and/or an organic sunscreen agent.

In another aspect, the invention provides a cosmetic product comprisingany sunscreen product made in accordance with the principles of thisdisclosure, along with a color pigment (e.g., iron oxide).

The invention also includes processes of preparing the novelUV-protective compositions described herein, end product, intermediateand other formulations containing or comprising the novel UV-protectivecompositions and processes for preparing such formulations.

The ultraviolet (“UV” herein) region of the electromagnetic spectrumcomprises three wavebands, designated UVA from 320 to 400 nm, UVB from290 to 320 nm and UVC from 200 to 290 nm. The UVA band can be furtherdivided into UVAI from 320 to 340 nm and UVAII from 340 to 400 nm. Thevisible portion of the spectrum is generally from about 400 to about 700nm. Natural sunlight is a potent source of UV radiation. UV radiationmay compose about 10 percent of the solar radiation reaching the earth'ssurface and is well recognized as the cause of serious biological damageto humans and other animals.

By “substantially transparent to visible light”, when referring to asunscreen product, is meant a product that has an E3110/E524 ratio of atleast 10, but preferably 15, 20, 25, or more.

In this specification, “primary particle size” may be understood toreference an average or mean particle size of the metal oxide as a drypowder. This primary particle size is established during the manufactureprocess.

The “secondary particle size” or “secondary agglomerate size” refers tothe size of particle aggregates that form in a formulation and cannot bebroken up by the dispersion process. The secondary particle size istypically about 100-200 nm, but may vary outside of that range forspecific formulations.

“Large agglomerates” include, for example, powders that form as a resultof van der Wahl forces and are typically about 0.2-5.0 μm.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a series of graphs illustrating the absorbance of light as afunction of wavelength for titanium dioxide (A) and zinc oxide (B).

FIG. 2 is a graph showing the relative light transmission of twodifferent sunscreen formulations prepared in accordance with theprinciples of this disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Some embodiments of the invention, and of making and using theinvention, as well as the best mode contemplated of carrying out theinvention, are described in detail below. The following more detaileddescription of the invention is intended to be read as a whole with thepreceding summary and background descriptions which may also includepertinent description of the invention, the scope of application of theinvention or of elements of the invention, as will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art, in light of this specification when read as a whole.

The present invention provides novel inorganic compositions ofparticulate, i.e. powdered, UV-protective ingredients that have broadspectrum activity and provide useful absorption and/or scattering inboth the UVA and UVB wavebands of the solar energy received at theearth's surface.

The present invention is in contrast to prior art formulations, such asthat shown in Cowie et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,927,464, discloses titaniumdioxide particulates for attenuating UV radiation. Cowie et al. useacicular titanium dioxide wherein the length of the longest dimension isreported between 10-150 nm and the particles are coated with a mixtureof alumina and silica. These particles and also oil dispersionscontaining these particles will be too whitening to make an SPFformulation with a UV balance of 4:1, because of the high refractiveindex of titanium dioxide. For example, rutile titanium dioxide has anindex of refraction of about 2.76 and anatase titanium dioxide has arefractive index of 2.52. In contrast, zinc oxide has an index ofrefraction of about 1.9. By “UV balance” in this specification is meantthe ratio of sun protection factor (SPF) to protection against UVA (PA).Current thinking is that the UV balance should be in excess of 3:1.

In one embodiment, the inventive compositions comprise first and secondzinc oxide powder components having particle sizes, or sizedistributions chosen to selectively attenuate, by absorption, scatteringor both absorption and scattering, the UVA and UVB wavebandsrespectively. For example, the one component may have relatively largerparticles to selectively absorb UVA and the other component may haverelatively smaller particles to selectively absorb UVB. Desirably, thetwo zinc oxide powder components can be formulated into compositions,such as dispersions, which are transparent when topically applied, forwhich purpose relatively small, submicron sized particles may beemployed.

UV-protective agents are agents which help or are intended to helpprotect organisms, especially humans and other susceptible animals, fromthe harmful effects of UV radiation, notably, without being so limited,solar radiation at the earth's surface. Typically, although notexclusively, such protection is obtained by topical application to theskin and other surfaces of compositions formulated with suitable,protective proportions of one or more UV-protective agents. It will beunderstood that compositions, including compositions described herein,which effectively protect human skin, may have other useful protectivefunctions e.g. in industrial coatings, plastics or other products.

The first zinc oxide component can be selected to provide an attenuationpeak in the UVA waveband, by absorption and/or scattering of theradiation which attenuation peak is useful in preventing the harmfuleffects of UVA radiation. Comparably, the second zinc oxide componentcan be selected to provide an attenuation peak in the UVB waveband, byabsorption and/or scattering of the radiation which is useful inpreventing the harmful effects of UVB radiation. Such a combination ofcomponents can provide effective broad-spectrum protection against theUV components of atmospherically filtered solar radiation.

The inventive zinc oxide powder blends are to be understood to includenot only dry physical admixtures of the two defined zinc oxide powdercomponents but also other combination these two zinc oxide powdercomponents, for example dispersions of the two components in a liquidvehicle, which dispersions are formed by separate addition of theindividual zinc oxide powder components to the liquid vehicle. Endproducts, or intermediate products, which are themselves powder blends,or largely comprise powder blends, can also comprise the individuallyadded or blended zinc oxide components.

The invention provides compositions comprising relatively simpleingredient mixtures that are attractive to a cosmetics formulator to usein preparing formulations for topical application. Such formulations mayinclude, without limitation, sunscreen oils, creams, lotions and thelike, and other cosmetic, dermatologic, pharmaceutical or medicamentcompositions for topical or other use. One object fulfilled by theinvention is to provide beneficial UV-protective compositions whichavoid presenting new challenges or concerns to a cosmetics formulator.Another is to provide the formulator easy-to-use UV-protectivecompositions which can readily be incorporated not only in topicalsunscreen products to provide protection against acute exposure, butalso in other cosmetic products including, without limitation, productssuch as lipsticks and lip balms, makeups, nail polishes, hairtreatments, and so on, to provide everyday protection.

Modern cosmetics compositions are complex, and may include a variety ofactive ingredients to improve rather than merely mask the appearanceand/or condition of the skin. Examples of such actives include lowmolecular weight alpha- and beta-hydroxy acids, ceramides, cerebrosides,antioxidants, phytoceuticals and a wide variety of other compounds. Endproducts are required to meet ever higher safety and performancestandards and to survive long shelf lives under a variety of conditions,after which such products are expected to have flawless estheticqualities of appearance, feel and aroma, and to perform their intendedfunctions.

With these objectives in mind, the formulator may be faced with thedaunting challenge of assessing not only the individual safety andefficacy of a long list of ingredients under various conditions, butalso that of determining whether adverse cross-reactivity or otherinteractions may occur. For these understandable reasons, the formulatormay be reluctant to employ unfamiliar or untried ingredients orcombinations of ingredients that do not have a long history of safe andeffective use. The compositions of the present invention avoid theseproblems by providing novel UV-protective compositions which employactive ingredients that are known to be safe and effective and have along history of satisfactory use in a wide variety of cosmetic and otherformulations.

Toward these ends, the invention provides an inorganic UV-protectivecomposition comprising a blend of two or more zinc oxide powdercomponents having different size characteristics. Desirably, onecomponent has a significantly greater mean particle size than the other,for example a difference in the range of from about 20 nm to about 50nm, or greater. The size characteristics beneficially can be selected toprovide UV protection in different parts of the UV spectrum so that theblend provides good broad spectrum UV protection. However,characteristics other than size may be employed to provide differentialwavelength-related protection, for example, different chemical orphysical treatment of the particles in one component from another, ordifferences in coating characteristics.

The differential protective properties of the two components maycomprise differences in absorption of UV energy or of scattering of UVenergy or of a combination of absorption and scattering. Thesedifferences may occur at different wavelengths or wavebands of the UVspectrum or other useful location in the electromagnetic spectrum whichis helpful in protecting human or other animals from received radiationthat may be damaging. The invention includes embodiments wherein theprotective properties are identifiable as being associated withextinction maxima or with peaks of absorption and/or scattering in theelectromagnetic spectrum provided by the UV-protective agents employed.

It will be understood that the properties of the zinc oxide powdercomponents of interest will usually be the properties provided by thematerial in an end product topical composition where the powderparticles may be present in aggregates and/or agglomerations, as opposedto properties that might be displayed in upstream compositions orstarting compounds where smaller particle structures may prevail.

In liquid or solid dispersions or blends in which zinc oxide particlesare often incorporated, the mean size of the bulk particles that aregenerally formed after processing and mixing with other ingredients maybe significantly larger than the primary particle size of the dry zincoxide powder after milling, for example up to about 2 to about 5 timeslarger, or more, as is described in Shao et al. 1999. Smaller primaryparticles may aggregate, or agglomerate more than do larger particles.This mean size of the bulk particles may be termed the “secondaryparticle size”. The UV protective properties of the end productformulation will often relate to the secondary particle size and thesecondary particle size may, in turn, be influenced by the coating orother surface treatment applied to the zinc oxide particles. Thus, theprotective properties afforded by the different zinc oxide components,in some embodiments of the invention, can be varied by employingdifferent surface treatments.

Desirably, each component can be composed of small zinc oxide particlesthat are transparent to visible light and avoid whitening or bluing ofpigmented skin, or otherwise provide an undesired visual effect. In manyembodiments, two zinc oxide components are sufficient to provide desiredbroad-spectrum UV protection. However, the invention also includesembodiments employing three or more zinc oxide components havingprotective properties with peak effects in different parts of the UVspectrum or in parts of the electromagnetic spectrum closely adjacent tothe ultraviolet, if such are determined to be relevant to biologicalhealth. The three or more different zinc oxide components can havedifferent UV processing or protective characters, one from another,derived from one or more characteristics such as primary particle sizeand one or more surface treatments, e.g. inorganic oxide or hydroxide,organic fatty acid, silicone, titanate or other treatments.

If desired for particular purposes, for example for protection fromartificial radiation, e.g. provided by a tanning salon or the like, azinc oxide component that protects against UVC can be included.

In some, but not all, useful embodiments of the invention, the zincoxide blend comprises first and second zinc oxide powder componentshaving particle sizes selected to provide UVA and UVB protection,respectively. To this end, the first zinc oxide powder component canhave a mean primary particle size in the range of from about 50 to about200 nm. In one embodiment of the invention the primary particle size ofthe first zinc oxide component is in the range of from about 60 to about100 nm.

The second zinc oxide powder component can have a mean primary particlesize in the range of from about 10 to about 30 nm to provide UVBprotection. In further embodiments of the invention the primary particlesize of the second zinc oxide powder component is in the range of about15 to about 25 nm, for example, one particular embodiment of theinvention employs a particle size of about 20 nm. The invention includesembodiments wherein the primary particle size of the second zinc oxidepowder component is in the range of about 15 to about 25 nm and theprimary particle size of the first zinc oxide component is in the rangeof from about 60 to about 100 nm.

The invention also includes embodiments wherein the first zinc oxidepowder component has a mean primary particle size in the range of fromabout 50 to about 200 nm and the second zinc oxide powder component hasa mean primary particle size in the range of from about 10 to about 30nm without regard to selection for provision of UVA or UVB protection.

Desirably, the mean particle size of the first zinc oxide powdercomponent is significantly larger than that of the second zinc oxidepowder component, for example at least about 20 nm up to about 100 nmlarger, although greater differences may be useful. In some usefulembodiments of the invention the difference is from about 30 nm to about80 nm.

The particle size distribution within each component can be a more orless Gaussian distribution, or the distribution may be whatevernon-Gaussian or modified Gaussian distribution is provided by the methodof manufacture and processing of the zinc oxide component.Alternatively, the particle size distribution may be modified to enhancethe UV-protective performance of one or each zinc oxide component at aselected wavelength or waveband. For example, unduly large particles maybe screened out of either zinc oxide powder component, if desired, toreduce the standard deviation. Other techniques can be employed toreduce the standard deviation, if desired, as is known or becomes knownto those skilled in the art.

Relative Proportions of Zinc Oxyide Components. Any suitable proportionof the first zinc oxide component to the second zinc oxide componentthat provides a desired balance of UV-protective properties can beemployed. In many, but not all, embodiments of the invention, a modestlyhigher proportion of the second smaller zinc oxide component may beemployed. For example, the proportion by weight of the larger firstcomponent to the second smaller component may be in the range of fromabout 1:2 to about 2:1, or even from about 1:3 to about 3:1. Some usefulembodiments of the invention employ a proportion by weight of the firstcomponent to the second component in the range of from about 1:1.4 toabout 1:1. The invention includes embodiments wherein the proportion ofone zinc oxide component to the other is adjusted to provide the desiredrelative protection in the respective UVA and UVB wavebands.

By varying the relative proportion of one zinc oxide component to theother, for example the ratio of larger particles in one component tosmaller particles in the other, the balance of UVA- to UVB-protectiveproperties can be adjusted or controlled. By appropriate selection ofinitial ingredient particle size, and control of aggregation andagglomeration, the wavelength or wavebands of peak efficacy can be moreor less selected. These capabilities provide a formulator with a widerange of options to tailor their products to current and evolving marketneeds, which needs can be expected to vary as new scientific and otherknowledge is acquired.

Proportion of Zinc Oxide in Solids Dispersions. The dual component zincoxide materials of the invention can be dispersed into a suitable lipid,silicone or aqueous liquid vehicle in any desired proportion that willprovide a smooth, homogenous dispersion and an effective proportion ofzinc oxide for the intended purpose. For example, a proportion of fromabout 5 to about 90 percent by weight the zinc oxide material, based onthe weight of the dispersion, can be employed.

Some useful embodiments of the invention employ a zinc-oxide solidsloading, or proportion of at least about 20 percent, desirably at leastabout 30 percent, by weight, for example a proportion in a range of fromabout 20 to about 80 percent by weight. Lower proportions containing,for example, up to about 40 percent zinc oxide material, can be usefulfor direct topical application or other purposes. Higher proportionscontaining, for example, from about 50 to about 80 percent zinc oxidematerial, can provide useful “premix” solids-rich dispersions suitablefor use by cosmetic, pharmaceutical or other formulators for combiningwith other ingredients to provide useful consumer or other products, asdescribed herein.

For higher SPF values in the end product, and for other purposes, it maybe desirable to use a high proportion of zinc oxide solids in thedispersion, consistent with providing a stable, homogenous, dispersionthat has enough fluidity for processing. In other words, a high loadingof solids is generally desirable for product efficacy, but a loadingwhich is too high may cause processing difficulties or yield a poorquality product. Some useful embodiments of the invention employmore-or-less the highest loading of zinc oxide which can be obtained ina smooth dispersion that has sufficient fluidity for processing. Suchproducts may have a solids content in the range of from about 40 toabout 75 percent by weight of the dispersion.

A high proportion of solids in the liquid dispersion medium can bebeneficial to the objectives of the invention, as is described herein.For example, during milling of the dispersion, when milling is employed,a high proportion of solid particles can enhance attrition, causing morecollisions between particles and converting more of the input energy tosize reduction. In addition, a high proportion of solids provides theresultant dispersion with a high viscosity which may be advantageous,for example helping to control re-agglomeration.

Proportions of Zinc Oxide in End Products. Any proportion of zinc oxidepowder or powder blend, may be employed in end product formulations thatis effective for one or more of the purposes described herein may beemployed.

For example a desirable proportion of the two-component zinc oxidematerial of the invention may comprise from about 0.1 percent to about50 percent by weight of the end product. Desirably, the proportion isfrom about 1 to about 40 percent by weight. Higher proportions in eitherof these ranges, for example from about 2 to about 30 percent can beuseful in a variety of preparations that function primarily assunscreens and lower proportions, for example from about 0.1 to about 5percent by weight can be useful in preparations having other utilitieswhere a lower level of UV protection is considered useful, e.g. everydaycosmetics.

The invention includes embodiments of sunscreen or UV-protectivecompositions intended for topical application to skin, nail or haircomprising from about 2 to about 25 percent by weight zinc oxidematerial. One such embodiment, or group of embodiments, has a proportionof zinc oxide material of from about 5 to about 10 percent by weight ofthe end product. Another employs from about 10 to about 15 percent byweight of zinc oxide material.

Preparation of Dispersions and Formulation into End Products. Variousmethods can be employed to prepare the zinc oxide materials of theinvention for delivery in a useful form to a cosmetics, pharmaceuticalor other formulator, for formulation into UV-protective products usefulto consumers or other end users.

For example, a specialist vendor, or other supplier may prepare asolids-rich dispersion of the zinc oxide powder blend in a liquidvehicle for use by a formulator, or possibly for direct topicalapplication. The liquid vehicle in such solids-rich dispersions maycomprise a suitable oil, a hydrocarbon, a silicone fluid, an aqueousmedium or other useful and suitable liquid medium.

The solids-rich zinc oxide dispersions in oil can for example beprepared by first mixing two or more dry powdered commercially availablezinc oxide powder components of desired size with the liquid vehicle, ina homogenizer or blender to break up agglomerates. Suitable zinc oxidematerials are available inter alia from Tayca Corp. and AdvancedNanotechnology Ltd., (Welslipool, Western Australia). Suitable oilsinclude, for example, isononyl isononanoate, octyl dodecyl neopentanoateand many other oils as are known in the cosmetics, pharmaceutical andother relevant arts. Other suitable liquids include aqueous vehicles andsilicone fluids.

The product of mixing, using a high sheer mixer or homogenizer, may besatisfactory, without milling.

However, if desired the dispersion product of the homogenizing orblending process can then be processed in a ball mill or the like toreduce agglomerates and aggregates into smaller particles, continuingmilling until a smooth, homogenous dispersion is obtained. The zincoxide powder components can be added as a powder blend or may be addedseparately to the liquid vehicle, while mixing, and/or agitating.

Surface Treatments or Coatings. Usefully, the zinc oxide powdermaterials may be surface treated to enhance the quality of thedispersion, increase the proportion of solids that can be successfullyloaded into the liquid vehicle and thus help provide the end productwith a small particle size. If desired, the surface treatment can beselected according to the nature of the intended end product, someoptions for which are described below.

In one effective embodiment of the invention one or more surfacetreatment materials, for example a coating agent, is or are blendedtogether with the zinc oxide powder, employing a small quantity ofsolvent or dispersion vehicle, if needed for workability. This mixtureis then heated, while blending or agitating, to a suitable temperature,e.g. from about 110 to about 130° C. and for an appropriate time e.g.from about 2 to about 4 hours or other suitable time period in the rangeof from about 30 minutes to 24 hours to effect the surface treatment andany associated chemical reaction such as surface bonding, polymerizationor cross-reaction. The treated zinc oxide material is mixed into asuitable cosmetic or other liquid vehicle and milled to a fine particlesize, for example to the finest size routinely obtainable.

Some suitable surface treatments are described in Shao et al. 1999 andinclude: use of metal soaps, titanates such as isopropyl titaniumtriisostearate or lecithin or the like to provide the treated zinc oxideparticles with lipophilic properties; use of various silicone materialssuch as methicone, dimethicone and multifunctional reactive silanes,e.g. triethoxy caprylylsilane to provide hydrophobic properties; and useof reactive fluorinated compounds such as fluoroalcohol phosphate toprovide both lipophobic and hydrophobic properties.

Other materials can be used for surface coating as known to thoseskilled in the alt, or as becomes known as the art develops. Some suchuseful coatings, coated zinc oxide materials and formulations embodyingsame are disclosed in U.S. Patent Publications Nos.: 2005/0037041“Duplex coated color lake and other powders, their preparation andcosmetic and other uses”; U.S. 2004/0234613 “Hybrid coated cosmeticpowders and methods of making and using same”; and U.S. 2003/0161805“Organosilicon treated cosmetic powders, their production and use”; eachof which patent publications has at least one inventor in common withthe present application and are commonly owned with the presentapplication at the date hereof. The disclosure of each of said patentpublications is hereby incorporated herein by this specific referencethereto.

Dispersing Agent. With advantage a dispersing agent or dispersant can beemployed in the dispersion to improve dispersion quality, for examplePEG 10 dimethicone or acrylates/ethylhexyl acrylate/dimethiconemethylacrylate copolymer, or any other suitable dispersing agent as isknown or becomes known in the art, some examples of which includepolymeric acid amines formed by condensation of a polymeric acid with anamine, for example as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,349,389 at col. 5,11. 5-35, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein byreference thereto. The polymeric acid can be a polyester derived from asuitable hydroxy organic acid, for example hydroxystearic acid. Theamine employed can be a lower alkylamine, di- or tri-lower alkylamine,or a polyamine for example methylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine,dimethylaminopropylamine, ethylenediame, triethylenetetramine, quanidineor a derivative thereof. Useful dispersing agents include SOLSPERSE(trademark), SOLSPERSE 9000, SOLSPERSE 3000 dispersing agents availablefrom ICI Americas Inc., Wilmington, Del. and the dispersing agentsdisclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,349,389, 3,778,287 and 4,157,266. Manyother suitable dispersing agents will be known to those skilled in theart, or will become known as the art evolves.

For example, one useful embodiment of the invention employs apolyhydroxystearic acid as a dispersant for an oil, ester or hydrocarbonvehicle. Another embodiment employs castor oil phosphate as a dispersantfor such vehicles. For silicone-based dispersions, in silicone fluids, afurther embodiment of the invention employs a silicone polyether, forexample PEG-10 dimethicone as a dispersant.

Dispersion Analysis. With advantage, the viscosity and particle size ofthe resultant dispersion are then determined. Viscosity can be measuredusing a Brookfield RVT viscometer, or other suitable instrument, afterincubating samples at 25° C. for 24 hours. Particle size can be measuredby any suitable method. One useful particle size measurement employs alight scattering analyzer, for example a NICOMP 370 photo-correlationparticle analyzer. Secondary particle sizes described herein are to beunderstood to be as determined by such an instrument. Primary particlesizes are as determined and specified by a product supplier. If desired,the primary particle size can be determined or verified by such lightscattering analytic methods. As is known in the art, primary particlesize can be measured from a SEM (scanning electron micrograph) pictureor calculated from the specific surface area.

The formulator, or other party can mix the solids-rich zinc oxidedispersion, produced by the above or other suitable methods, with otheringredients to provide a desired cosmetic, pharmaceutical or otherproduct for topical application. Other suitable ingredients includecosmetic or pharmaceutical vehicles, pharmaceutically or cosmeticallyactive ingredients, excipients, additives, colorants, pigments,perfumes, water and the like, as is known, or becomes known, or apparentin the respective art. Blending, grinding, milling, mixing, heating,agitation, homogenization and other techniques may be employed, as willbe understood by these skilled in the art, to combine and process thevarious ingredients into useful end products.

If desired, and with advantage, in vivo tests can be performed on thesunscreen compositions produced, to determine in vivo values of SPF,optionally using a US FDA, or other suitable protocol. Such in vivotests can also be used to determine appearance, spreadability, aroma,and other aesthetic qualities, if desired.

In another embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the zinc oxidepowder blend, or the components thereof is, or are, admixed with otherpowder ingredients, for example pigments, fillers and so on, to providea powdered end product, for example make up.

Supplemental Organic Sunscreen Agent. The invention also provides aUV-protective composition comprising the dual-component zinc oxidematerial of the invention in combination with an organic sunscreen agentor agents. Usefully, the organic sunscreen agent can be selected toprovide protection against UVB radiation, supplementing that provided bythe inventive zinc oxide material. Any desired organic UV-protectiveagent may be employed, as known, or that becomes known, to those skilledin the art, provided it is compatible with zinc oxide and otheringredients employed in the end product.

One example of a suitable organic UV-protective agent that may beemployed is octylmethoxy cinnamate (or 2-ethylhexyl p-methoxycinnamate),commonly abbreviated as “OMC”. Others include p-aminobenzoic acid,various benzophenones, oxybenzone, avobenzone, salicylates, variousother cinnamates and such organic sunscreen or UV-protective agents asare described in Gildenberg U.S. Pat. No. 6,217,852 and in the patentsand other publications referenced in Gildenberg. The disclosure of eachone of said patents and other publications is hereby incorporated hereinby this specific reference thereto.

Some examples of other organic UV-protective agents that can be employedinclude octyl salicylate, octocrylene, oxybenzone, 2-ethylhexylN,N-dimethylaminobenzoate, p-aminobenzoic acid,2-phenyl-benzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid, homomethyl salicylate,avobenzone (e.g., Parsol 1789), DEA p-methoxycinnamate, octylmethoxycinnamate, 4/4′-methoxy-t-butyldibenzoylinethane,4-isopropyldibenzoylmethane, 3-(4-methylbenzylidene) camphor,3-benzylidene camphor, 4-N,N-dimethylaminobenzoic acid ester with2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, 4-N,N-dimethylaminobenzoic acid ester with2-hydroxy-4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)benzophenone, 4-N,N-dimethylaminobenzoicacid ester with 4-hydroxydibenzoyl-methane, 4-N,N-dimethylaminobenzoicacid ester with 4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)dibenzoylmethane,4-N,N-di(2-ethylhexyl)-aminobenzoic acid ester with2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, 4-N,N-di(2-ethylhexyl)aminobenzoic acid esterwith 4-hydroxydibenzoylmethane, 4-N,N-di(2-ethylhexyl)aminobenzoic acidester with 4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)dibenzoylmethane,4-N,N-(2-ethylhexyl)methylaminobenzoic acid ester with2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, 4-N,N-(2-hydroxyethoxy)benzophenone,4-N,N-(2-ethylhexyl)methylaminobenzoic acid ester with4-hydroxydibenzoylmethane, 4-N,N-(2-ethylhexyl)methylaminobenzoic acidester with 4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)dibenzoylmethane and mixtures of any twoor more of the foregoing organic UV-protective agents.

Any suitable proportion of the organic sunscreen agent can be employed.For example, the quantity, by weight may be somewhat less than thequantity of the inventive zinc oxide material employed, for example,from about 0.1 to about 2 parts organic agent, or agents, per part ofzinc oxide material referring to the combined weight of organic agentsif more than one is employed. Some useful embodiments of the inventionemploy from about 0.5 to about 1.2 parts organic agent, or agents, perpart of zinc oxide material, one embodiment of which employs about 0.8parts organic agent, or agents, per part of zinc oxide material.

Benefits. The novel dual-component zinc oxide powder materials of thepresent invention, compositions formulated from the dual zinc oxidepowders and the related methods described herein, provide a flexible,biocompatible solution to many ultraviolet protection problems.Cosmetic, dermatological, pharmaceutical, veterinary and otherformulators are provided with a novel means of affording both UVA andUVB protection with good transparency, biocompatibility and stability,in sunscreens and other products.

The invention provides a simple inorganic composition, or ingredientstherefor, useful embodiments of which have good broad-spectrumultraviolet efficacy, good SPF (sun protection factor) and PFA(protection factor UVA) which is easy to use, attractive to a cosmeticsformulator who must consider physical and chemical properties andinteractions of a multiplicity of ingredients. Useful embodiments of theinvention also provide good transparency enabling end products thatprovide good protection against sunlight, are non-allergenic andsuitable for extended daily wear and which are attractive to a widerange of users by virtue of their freedom from whitening or bluing.

Example 1 Optical Properties of Metal Oxide Powders Useful as Sunscreens

Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide absorb/scatter ultraviolet and visiblelight. The scattering effect is dependent upon the particle size. Largerparticles scatter longer wavelengths and the scattering of visible lightresults in the whitening effect observed for many sunscreen formulationsthat use relatively large sized metal oxide particles. Maximumscattering occurs when the particle size equals about one half of thewavelength (½λ) and the particles are uniformly dispersed.

A convenient way to express the UVB scattering effect of a metal oxiderelative its whitening effect is to use the extinction ratio at 308/524,which is the ratio of extinction coefficients at 308 nm and 524 nm,where extinction coefficient=(absorbance)/(concentration*cell length).These wavelengths are conveniently selected because 308 nm correspondsto the UVB wavelength that has maximum erythemal effectiveness (promotessunburn) and 524 nm is at the “blue-end” of visible light. This ratioindicates the level of transparency. Likewise, the extinction ratio at308/360 is and index of the relative UVB versus UVA blocking power. The360 nm wavelength is selected because it is mid-range UVA. For ZnO, the308/524 ratio is typically close to 1 but it varies based on titaniumdioxide particle size.

FIG. 1 shows the extinction ratios for titanium dioxide and zinc oxide.While titanium dioxide has the highest extinction in the extreme UVBrange, ZnO has amore uniform absorption through the ultraviolet range.Thus, beneficial sunscreens contain a mixture of the two metal oxides.

TABLE 1 Extinction Ratios Ratio Ratio Max. Absorption Pigment PrimaryParticle Size E305/E360 E305/E524 (λ) TiO₂ 10 nm 7.0-8.0 70-90 275 nm 15nm (High Speed Dispersion) 4.5-5.5 50-55 280-305 nm 15 nm (High SolidsDispersion) 3.4-3.9 11-16 290-305 nm 20 nm 2.0 9 300 nm 35 nm 1.5-2.0 7-17 315 nm 150 nm 1.1 2.6 318 nm ZnO 20 nm 1.0-1.1 30-37 360 nm 60-100nm 1.1 6.3 371 nm 120 nm 0.9 2.9 375 nm

Example 2 Comparison of Sunscreen Formulations

Two different metal oxide blends were formulated and compared asfollows:

Blend 1. Blend 1 was made using a zinc oxide dispersion sold undercatalogue number TNP50ZSI by Kobo Products, Inc. Catalog number TNP50ZSIcontains 46.7% ZnO, by weight, having a primary particle size equal toabout 20 nm. Blend 1 also incorporated a zinc oxide dispersion soldunder catalogue number OHN73MZ by Kobo Products, Inc. Catalogue numberOHN73MZ contains 70% ZnO having a primary particle size in the rangebetween 15 and 35 nm.

Blend 1 was formulated to have an SPF of about 30 and protection againstUV factor or PA of about 10. Blend 1 contained 19%, by weight, zincoxide from catalogue number TNP50ZSI, resulting in a final concentrationof about 9% ZnO having a 20 nm particle size, and about 21.3% ONH73MZ,resulting in a final concentration of about 15% ZnO in the 15-35 mmprimary particle size range. The formulation was brought to 100% volumeusing Finsolv.

In accordance with preferred embodiment, for both powder and for liquiddispersions, and for zinc oxide as well as titanium dioxide, thepreferred ratio of UVA blocking ingredient to UVB blocking ingredient isthus about 5 to 3, or 1.66 to 1. However, acceptable products may beachieved with ratios varying between 2:1 and 1:2.

In accordance with preferred embodiment, for both powder and for liquiddispersions, and for zinc oxide as well as titanium dioxide, thepreferred total of UVA blocking ingredient and UVB blocking ingredientshould be between 4 and 50 percent by weight and preferably between 10and 25 percent by weight.

In accordance with preferred embodiment, for both powder and for liquiddispersions, and for zinc oxide as well as titanium dioxide, thepreferred range for UVA blocking ingredient is between 1 and 19 percentby weight and preferably 8 and 17 percent by weight, and most preferably13-17 percent by weight.

In accordance with preferred embodiment, for both powder and for liquiddispersions, and for zinc oxide as well as titanium dioxide, thepreferred range for UVB blocking ingredient is between 1 and 19 percentby weight and preferably 6 and 17 percent by weight, and most preferably7-11 percent by weight.

It is noted in this specification that UVA and UVB targeted sunscreencomponents all block UVA and UVB components but are referred to as suchherein on account of the design objectives that drive their inclusion inthe disclosed formulas.

Blend 2. A titanium dioxide dispersion ON60T5L (Kobo Products, Inc.)contains 48.6% titanium dioxide with a primary particle size of about 35nm. Blend 2 was formulated to have an SPF of about 30 and a PA of about10. Blend 2 contained 12.3% of catalogue number ON60T5L, resulting in afinal concentration of about 6% TiO₂ of primary particle size 35 nm. Byweight, 21.3% of Blend 2 consisted of zinc in the form of cataloguenumber ONH73MZ. The formulation was brought to 100% volume usingFinsolv.

Blend 1 and Blend 2 were tested for % light transmittance across the UVand visible spectrum. As shown in FIG. 2, Blend 1 which contains twodifferent ZnO particle sizes provides more balanced UV protection andgreater transparency to visible light than Blend 2 which contains zincoxide and TiO₂.

E310/E524 E310/E360 (transparency) (UVA protection ratio) Blend#1 22.650.98 Blend#2 15.17 1.65

Thus, 6% of 35 nm TiO₂ provides too much whitening for a skin careproduct but is useful for other products in which whitening is desiredor that are used merely for their protective properties.

The various proportions of ingredients described herein are to beunderstood to be by weight based on the weight of the relevantcomposition comprising the ingredient in question, unless the contextindicates otherwise.

All publications and patents cited in this specification are hereinincorporated by reference as if each individual publication or patentwere specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated byreference. Although the foregoing invention has been described in somedetail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity ofunderstanding, it will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill inthe art in light of the teachings of this invention that certain changesand modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spiritor scope of the appended claims.

1. A sunscreen product comprising a dispersion of a first zinc oxidepowder having a first primary particle size and capable of attenuatingultraviolet radiation, and a second zinc oxide powder having a secondprimary particle size and capable of attenuating ultraviolet radiation,wherein said first and second primary particle sizes provide a bimodalparticle size distribution and wherein said sunscreen product issubstantially transparent to visible light.
 2. A sunscreen productcomprising a dispersion of a first metal oxide powder having a firstprimary particle size of less than 30 nm and a second metal oxide powderhaving a second primary particle size of 50-260 nm, and wherein saidsunscreen product is substantially transparent to visible light.
 3. Thesunscreen product of claim 2, wherein said first metal oxide powder andsaid second metal oxide powder is zinc oxide.
 4. The sunscreen productof claim 2, wherein said first metal oxide powder is titanium dioxideand said second metal oxide powder is zinc oxide.
 5. The sunscreenproduct of any of claims 2-4, wherein said first primary particle sizeis less than 30 nm.
 6. The sunscreen product of any of claims 1-5,wherein said first primary particle size is between about 10 nm and 30nm.
 7. The sunscreen product of any of claims 1-6, wherein said secondprimary particle size is between about 50 nm and about 250 nm.
 8. Thesunscreen product of any of claims 1-7, wherein said second primaryparticle size is greater than 60 nm.
 9. The sunscreen product of any ofclaims 1-8, wherein said first and second metal oxide powders have anaverage secondary particle size of greater than about 200 nm.
 10. Thesunscreen product of any of claims 1-9, wherein said product provides anSPF of at least
 30. 11. The sunscreen product of any of claims 1-10,wherein said product provides a PA of at least
 10. 12. The sunscreenproduct of any of claims 1-11, wherein said product provides an SPF:PAratio of at least about 3:1.
 13. The sunscreen product of any of claims1-12, wherein said the ratio by weight of said first metal oxide powderto said second metal oxide powder is from about 1:3 to about 3:1. 14.The sunscreen product of claim 13, wherein said ratio is about 1:1.6 toabout 1:1.
 15. The sunscreen product of any of claims 1-14, wherein saidproduct further comprises a third metal oxide powder having a thirdprimary particle size.
 16. The sunscreen product of claim 15, whereinsaid third metal oxide powder is titanium dioxide.
 17. The sunscreenproduct of claim 16, wherein said third primary particle size is betweenabout 10 nm and about 30 nm.
 18. The sunscreen product of any of claims1-17, wherein the total amount of metal oxide powders is less than about50%.
 19. The sunscreen product of claim 18, wherein the total amount ofmetal oxide powders is less than about 25%.
 20. The sunscreen product ofany of claims 1-19, wherein at least one of said first metal oxidepowder and said second metal oxide powder further comprise a hydrophobicsurface treatment.
 21. The sunscreen product of any of claims 1-20,wherein at least one of said first metal oxide powder and said secondmetal oxide powder further comprise a hydrophilic surface treatment. 22.The sunscreen product of any of claims 1-21, wherein said productfurther comprises a dispersing agent.
 23. The sunscreen product of anyof claims 1-22, wherein said product further comprises an organicsunscreen agent.
 24. The sunscreen product of any of claims 1-23,wherein said product further comprises a hydrocarbon oil, a siliconeoil, or an aqueous vehicle.
 25. A cosmetic product comprising thesunscreen product of any of claims 1-24, wherein and a color pigment.26. The cosmetic product of claim 25, wherein said color pigment is ironoxide.
 27. A powder sunscreen ingredient for cosmetics, comprising (a)as a UVB attenuator, zinc oxide particles having a primary particle sizebetween 10 and 50 nm, and (b) as a UVA attenuator, zinc oxide havingsecondary particle sizes ranging between 35 and 120 nm.
 28. A powdersunscreen ingredient for cosmetics as in claim 27, wherein said UVBattenuating zinc oxide particles have a primary particle size between 10and 20 nm, and said UVA attenuating zinc oxide has a secondary particlesizes ranging between 35 to 60 nm.
 29. A dispersion of sunscreenmaterial, comprising (a) a UVB attenuator selected from the groupconsisting of (i) zinc oxide particles having a secondary particle sizebetween 10 and 20 nm and (ii) titanium dioxide having a secondaryparticle size between about 110 and 140 nm, and (b) a UVA attenuatorselected from the group consisting of (i) zinc oxide having secondaryparticle sizes ranging between 210 and 240 nm and (ii) titanium dioxidehaving secondary particle sizes ranging between about 150 to 180 nm 30.A dispersion of sunscreen material, comprising (a) as a UVB attenuator,zinc oxide particles having a secondary particle size between 100 and150 nm, and (b) as a UVA attenuator, zinc oxide having secondaryparticle sizes ranging between 160 and 300 nm.
 31. A dispersion ofsunscreen material as in claim 27, wherein said UVB attenuating zincoxide particles have a secondary particle size between 110 and 130 nm,and said UVA attenuating zinc oxide has a secondary particle sizesranging between 210 to 240 nm.
 32. A sunscreen ingredient as in claim31, wherein said UVB zinc oxide ingredient and said UVA zinc oxideingredient are selected to have an SPF greater than about 25 and an SPFto UVA protection factor of at least three measured in vivo.
 33. Asunscreen ingredient as in claim 31, wherein the preferred ratio of UVAblocking ingredient to UVB blocking ingredient is between 2:1 and 1:234. A dispersion or powdered sunscreen ingredient comprising a firstzinc oxide ingredient manufactured by a first manufacturing process; anda second zinc oxide ingredient manufactured by a second differentmanufacturing process.
 35. A sunscreen ingredient as in claim 32,wherein said first zinc oxide ingredient and said second zinc oxideingredient are selected to have an SPF to UVA protection ratio of atleast 3 to
 1. 36. A sunscreen ingredient as in claim 32, wherein saidfirst zinc oxide ingredient is selected to target blockage of the UVAcomponent of sunlight and said second zinc oxide ingredient is selectedto talk it blockage of the UVB component of sunlight.